搭建玄铁 900 系列工具链与 xuantie-qemu 环境

# 一、搭建平台

Linux 发行版：CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
内核版本：3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64

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$ cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)

$ uname -r
3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64

# 二、搭建玄铁 900 系列工具链环境

# 1. 下载玄铁 900 系列工具链

首先，我们需要下载适用于 RISC-V 架构的 Xuantie GNU 工具链。前往玄铁官网获取最新版本的预编译包，并根据你的操作系统进行安装。在 Linux 系统中，通常解压后通过添加 bin 路径到 $PATH 环境变量即可。

工具链安装包由于执行平台和目标程序平台的不同分为不同的版本，如 Xuantie--elf--x86_64-V*-.tar.gz 是 64 位 linux 平台的 riscv 裸程序工具链套件。具体分类如下：

根据执行平台
- x86_64：64 位 linux 平台
- i386：32 位 linux 平台
- mingw：Windows Mingw 平台
根据目标程序平台
- elf：裸程序编译套件
- linux：linux 应用程序编译套件

这里我们下载最新的版本为 2.8.1 的适用于 64 位 linux 平台的 linux 应用程序编译套件，即 Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64 。

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wget https://occ-oss-prod.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/resource//1705395627867/Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.1-20240115.tar.gz
tar -xzvf Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.1-20240115.tar.gz
sudo mv Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.1-20240115 /opt
export PATH=/opt/Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.1-20240115/bin:$PATH

# 2. 验证工具链安装

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$ riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/opt/Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/bin/../libexec/gcc/riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/10.4.0/lto-wrapper
Target: riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu
Configured with: /mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/./source/riscv/riscv-gcc/configure --target=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu --with-gmp=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/build-Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/lib-for-gcc-x86_64-linux --with-mpfr=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/build-Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/lib-for-gcc-x86_64-linux --with-mpc=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/build-Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/lib-for-gcc-x86_64-linux --with-libexpat-prefix=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/build-Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/lib-for-gcc-x86_64-linux --with-libmpfr-prefix=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/build-Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/lib-for-gcc-x86_64-linux --with-pkgversion='Xuantie-900 linux-5.10.4 glibc gcc Toolchain V2.8.0 B-20231018' CXXFLAGS='-g -O2 -DTHEAD_VERSION_NUMBER=2.8.0 ' --prefix=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0 --with-sysroot=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/build-gcc-riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu/Xuantie-900-gcc-linux-5.10.4-glibc-x86_64-V2.8.0/sysroot --with-system-zlib --enable-shared --enable-tls --enable-languages=c,c++,fortran --disable-libmudflap --disable-libssp --disable-libquadmath --enable-libsanitizer --disable-nls --disable-bootstrap --src=/mnt/ssd/jenkins_iotsw/slave/workspace/Toolchain/build-gnu-riscv_4/./source/riscv/riscv-gcc --enable-multilib --with-abi=lp64d --with-arch=rv64gc_zfh_xtheadc 'CFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=-O2   -mcmodel=medany' 'CXXFLAGS_FOR_TARGET=-O2   -mcmodel=medany'
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib
gcc version 10.4.0 (Xuantie-900 linux-5.10.4 glibc gcc Toolchain V2.8.0 B-20231018)

可以看到输出了 gcc 的版本信息，说明工具链安装成功。

# 三、搭建 xuantie-qemu 环境

# 1. 前提条件

在安装 xuantie-qemu 之前，需要确保系统含有以下工具或库。

gcc 编译器
automake
autoconf
libtool
glib2 库
其它…..

通过以下命令安装上述工具或库。

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sudo yum update -y
sudo yum install -y autoconf automake libtool make gcc gcc-c++ gawk bison flex texinfo gperf patchutils bc \
                 zlib-devel mpfr-devel gmp-devel curl-devel expat-devel git \
                 glib2-devel libfdt-devel pixman-devel ncurses-devel ncurses-compat-libs

如果是 Ubuntu/Dedian 系统，可以使用以下命令安装。

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sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y autoconf automake autotools-dev curl libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev libgmp-dev \
                 gawk build-essential bison flex texinfo gperf libtool patchutils bc \
                 zlib1g-dev libexpat-dev git \
                 libglib2.0-dev libfdt-dev libpixman-1-dev \
                 libncurses5-dev libncursesw5-dev

# 2. 下载并安装 xuantie-qemu

访问 Xuantie QEMU 官方仓库，获取适用于玄铁 900 系列芯片的 xuantie-qemu 源代码，然后按照常规步骤编译安装：

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git clone https://github.com/T-head-Semi/qemu.git
git checkout xuantie-qemu-6.1.0

# 3. 编译安装 xuantie-qemu

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cd qemu
mkdir build
cd build
../configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu,riscv64-linux-user --prefix=/opt/qemu/6.1.0-xuantie
make -j $(nproc)
sudo make install

export PATH=/opt/qemu/6.1.0-xuantie/bin:$PATH

# 4. 验证 xuantie-qemu 安装

安装完毕后如果执行如下命令后能够查看到 qemu 的具体版本，则说明安装成功

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$ qemu-riscv64 --version
qemu-riscv64 version 6.0.94 (v6.1.0-12-g03813c9)
Copyright (c) 2003-2021 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

编写一段 C 语言程序，如下所示：

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    printf("Hello RISC-V \n");
    return 0;
}

使用 Xuantie 900 系列工具链编译该程序，并使用用户模式的 xuantie-qemu 运行程序。

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$ riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc -static -o hello hello.c
$ qemu-riscv64 ./hello
Hello RISC-V

再写一段 RVV 向量化的 C 语言程序，如下所示：

RVV 向量化 C 语言程序

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#include <riscv_vector.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define N 15

float vsum(float* v, int n) {
    vfloat32m1_t vs, vv, vtmp;
    float s = 0.0;
    int i;
    int vlmax;

    vlmax = vsetvlmax_e32m1();

    printf("vlmax:%d\n", vlmax);

    vs = vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0, vlmax);

    vtmp = vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0, vlmax);

    for (i = 0; i < n - vlmax; i += vlmax) {
        vv = vle32_v_f32m1(&v[i], vlmax);
        vtmp = vfadd_vv_f32m1(vtmp, vv, vlmax);
    }

    vs = vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(vs, vtmp, vs, vlmax);

    s = vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(vs);

    for (; i < n; i++) {
        s += v[i];
    }
    return s;
}

float vsum1(float* v, int n) {
    vfloat32m1_t vs, vv;
    float s;
    int i;
    int vl, vlmax;

    vlmax = vsetvlmax_e32m1();
    vs = vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0, vlmax);

    for (i = 0; n > 0; i += vl, n -= vl) {
        vl = vsetvl_e32m1(n);
        printf("vl:%d\n", vl);
        vv = vle32_v_f32m1(&v[i], vl);

        vs = vfredusum_vs_f32m1_f32m1(vs, vv, vs, vl);
    }

    s = vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(vs);

    return s;
}

float vsum2(float* v, int n) {
    vfloat32m2_t vv;
    vfloat32m1_t vs;
    float s;
    int i;
    int vl, vlmax;

    vlmax = vsetvlmax_e32m1();

    vs = vfmv_v_f_f32m1(0.0, vlmax);

    for (i = 0; n > 0; i += vl, n -= vl) {
        vl = vsetvl_e32m2(n);
        printf("vl:%d\n", vl);
        vv = vle32_v_f32m2(&v[i], vl);

        vs = vfredusum_vs_f32m2_f32m1(vs, vv, vs, vl);
    }

    s = vfmv_f_s_f32m1_f32(vs);

    return s;
}

int main() {
    int i;
    float v[N], sum = 0.0;

    printf("Hello RISC-V!\n");

    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        v[i] = i;
    }

    sum = vsum(v, N);

    printf("%f\n", sum);

    return 0;
}

编译并运行该程序（这时需要指定 -cpu ，否则会报非法指定的异常，即 Illegal instruction (core dumped)）：

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$ riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc -static -O3 -march=rv64imafdcv0p7_zfh_xtheadc -o test_vec test_vec.c
$ qemu-riscv64 -cpu c920 ./test_vec
Hello RISC-V!
vlmax:4
105.000000

# 四、在 QEMU 上运行 RISC-V 64 位 Linux 系统

# 1. 制作内核

# 1.1 下载内核源码

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$ wget https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.10.42.tar.gz
$ tar -xzvf linux-5.10.42.tar.gz

下载后进入内核源码目录

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$ cd linux-5.10.42

# 1.2 配置和编译内核

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$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- defconfig
$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- -j $(nproc)
...
  AR      drivers/built-in.a
  GEN     .version
  CHK     include/generated/compile.h
  LD      vmlinux.o
  MODPOST vmlinux.symvers
  MODINFO modules.builtin.modinfo
  GEN     modules.builtin
  LD      .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms1
  KSYMS   .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms1.S
  AS      .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms1.S
  LD      .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms2
  KSYMS   .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms2.S
  AS      .tmp_vmlinux.kallsyms2.S
  LD      vmlinux
  SYSMAP  System.map
  MODPOST modules-only.symvers
  GEN     Module.symvers
  CC [M]  fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.mod.o
  OBJCOPY arch/riscv/boot/Image
  GZIP    arch/riscv/boot/Image.gz
  LD [M]  fs/efivarfs/efivarfs.ko
  Kernel: arch/riscv/boot/Image.gz is ready

# 2. 制作 rootfs

# 2.1 下载 busybox 源码

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$ wget https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.33.1.tar.bz2

下载完后进入 busybox 源码目录

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cd busybox-1.33.1

# 2.2 配置 busybox

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$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- defconfig
$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- menuconfig

打开配置菜单后进入第一行的 “Settings”，在 “Build Options” 节中，选中 “Build static binary (no shared libs)”，设置好后退出保存配置。

检查 .config 文件中是否有 CONFIG_STATIC=y ，如果没有则手动添加。

# 2.3 编译和安装 busybox

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$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- -j $(nproc)
$ make ARCH=riscv CROSS_COMPILE=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- install

此时源码目录 busyboxsource 下会新出现一个 _install 目录，可以看到生成的东西。

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$ ls _install
bin  linuxrc  sbin  usr

进入 _install 目录，创建以下目录

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$ cd _install
$ mkdir proc sys dev etc etc/init.d
$ ls
bin  dev  etc  linuxrc  proc  sbin  sys  usr

然后另外再新建一个最简单的 init 的 RC 文件：

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$ cd etc/init.d/
$ touch rcS
$ vim rcS

编辑该文件内容为：

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#!/bin/sh
mount -t proc none /proc
mount -t sysfs none /sys
/sbin/mdev -s

然后修改 rcS 文件权限，加上可执行权限

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$ chmod +x rcS

# 2.4 制作文件系统

继续在 _install 目录下执行如下命令：

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$ find -print0 | cpio -0oH newc | gzip -9 > ../rootfs.img
3276 blocks

# 3. 启动运行

创建一个新的目录，将编译好的内核 Image 和制作好的 rootfs.img 移动到该目录下。

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$ mkdir riscv64-linux
$ cd riscv64-linux
$ cp ../linux-5.10.42/arch/riscv/boot/Image .
$ cp ../busybox-1.33.1/rootfs.img .

执行如下命令：

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$ qemu-system-riscv64 \
-nographic -machine virt \
-kernel Image \
-initrd rootfs.img \
-append "root=/dev/ram rdinit=/sbin/init"

将显示 Linux Kernel 启动流程：

点击展开

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OpenSBI v0.9
   ____                    _____ ____ _____
  / __ \                  / ____|  _ \_   _|
 | |  | |_ __   ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
 | |  | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \|  _ < | |
 | |__| | |_) |  __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
  \____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|
        | |
        |_|

Platform Name             : riscv-virtio,qemu
Platform Features         : timer,mfdeleg
Platform HART Count       : 1
Firmware Base             : 0x80000000
Firmware Size             : 100 KB
Runtime SBI Version       : 0.2

Domain0 Name              : root
Domain0 Boot HART         : 0
Domain0 HARTs             : 0*
Domain0 Region00          : 0x0000000080000000-0x000000008001ffff ()
Domain0 Region01          : 0x0000000000000000-0xffffffffffffffff (R,W,X)
Domain0 Next Address      : 0x0000000080200000
Domain0 Next Arg1         : 0x0000000087000000
Domain0 Next Mode         : S-mode
Domain0 SysReset          : yes

Boot HART ID              : 0
Boot HART Domain          : root
Boot HART ISA             : rv64imafdcvsu
Boot HART Features        : scounteren,mcounteren,time
Boot HART PMP Count       : 16
Boot HART PMP Granularity : 4
Boot HART PMP Address Bits: 54
Boot HART MHPM Count      : 0
Boot HART MHPM Count      : 0
Boot HART MIDELEG         : 0x0000000000000222
Boot HART MEDELEG         : 0x000000000000b109
[    0.000000] Linux version 5.10.42 (root@centos) (riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-gcc (Xuantie-900 linux-5.10.4 glibc gcc Toolchain V2.8.0 B-20231018) 10.4.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.35) #1 SMP Wed Feb 21 02:07:46 CST 2024
[    0.000000] OF: fdt: Ignoring memory range 0x80000000 - 0x80200000
[    0.000000] efi: UEFI not found.
[    0.000000] Initial ramdisk at: 0x(____ptrval____) (1085440 bytes)
[    0.000000] Zone ranges:
[    0.000000]   DMA32    [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[    0.000000]   Normal   empty
[    0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[    0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000080200000-0x0000000087ffffff]
[    0.000000] software IO TLB: Cannot allocate buffer
[    0.000000] SBI specification v0.2 detected
[    0.000000] SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x9
[    0.000000] SBI v0.2 TIME extension detected
[    0.000000] SBI v0.2 IPI extension detected
[    0.000000] SBI v0.2 RFENCE extension detected
[    0.000000] SBI v0.2 HSM extension detected
[    0.000000] riscv: ISA extensions acdfimsuv
[    0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acdfim
[    0.000000] percpu: Embedded 17 pages/cpu s32360 r8192 d29080 u69632
[    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 31815
[    0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/ram rdinit=/sbin/init
[    0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
[    0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
[    0.000000] Sorting __ex_table...
[    0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off
[    0.000000] Memory: 108240K/129024K available (7084K kernel code, 3993K rwdata, 4096K rodata, 223K init, 342K bss, 20784K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[    0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:
[    0.000000]       fixmap : 0xffffffcefee00000 - 0xffffffceff000000   (2048 kB)
[    0.000000]       pci io : 0xffffffceff000000 - 0xffffffcf00000000   (  16 MB)
[    0.000000]      vmemmap : 0xffffffcf00000000 - 0xffffffcfffffffff   (4095 MB)
[    0.000000]      vmalloc : 0xffffffd000000000 - 0xffffffdfffffffff   (65535 MB)
[    0.000000]       lowmem : 0xffffffe000000000 - 0xffffffe007e00000   ( 126 MB)
[    0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[    0.000000] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
[    0.000000] rcu:     RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
[    0.000000] rcu:     RCU debug extended QS entry/exit.
[    0.000000]  Tracing variant of Tasks RCU enabled.
[    0.000000] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
[    0.000000] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
[    0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
[    0.000000] riscv-intc: 64 local interrupts mapped
[    0.000000] plic: plic@c000000: mapped 53 interrupts with 1 handlers for 2 contexts.
[    0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x31a/0x48c with crng_init=0
[    0.000000] riscv_timer_init_dt: Registering clocksource cpuid [0] hartid [0]
[    0.000000] clocksource: riscv_clocksource: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x24e6a1710, max_idle_ns: 440795202120 ns
[    0.000150] sched_clock: 64 bits at 10MHz, resolution 100ns, wraps every 4398046511100ns
[    0.003557] Console: colour dummy device 80x25
[    0.008887] printk: console [tty0] enabled
[    0.012368] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 20.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=40000)
[    0.012666] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[    0.014227] Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[    0.014306] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[    0.040922] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[    0.042741] EFI services will not be available.
[    0.044926] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[    0.045062] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU
[    0.054128] devtmpfs: initialized
[    0.061463] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[    0.061753] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[    0.067460] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[    0.131233] vgaarb: loaded
[    0.132530] SCSI subsystem initialized
[    0.134485] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[    0.134834] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[    0.135035] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[    0.150024] clocksource: Switched to clocksource riscv_clocksource
[    0.167109] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[    0.168330] IP idents hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[    0.172076] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 128 (order: 0, 5120 bytes, linear)
[    0.172242] TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[    0.172480] TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
[    0.172690] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
[    0.173861] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 24576 bytes, linear)
[    0.174481] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 24576 bytes, linear)
[    0.175963] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[    0.179024] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[    0.179111] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[    0.179150] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[    0.179186] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[    0.179332] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
[    0.182716] Unpacking initramfs...
[    0.263706] Freeing initrd memory: 1056K
[    0.265678] workingset: timestamp_bits=62 max_order=15 bucket_order=0
[    0.281052] NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
[    0.282003] Key type id_resolver registered
[    0.282074] Key type id_legacy registered
[    0.282505] nfs4filelayout_init: NFSv4 File Layout Driver Registering...
[    0.282631] nfs4flexfilelayout_init: NFSv4 Flexfile Layout Driver Registering...
[    0.283481] 9p: Installing v9fs 9p2000 file system support
[    0.284918] NET: Registered protocol family 38
[    0.285416] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
[    0.285593] io scheduler mq-deadline registered
[    0.285692] io scheduler kyber registered
[    0.295484] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci: host bridge /soc/pci@30000000 ranges:
[    0.296336] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci:       IO 0x0003000000..0x000300ffff -> 0x0000000000
[    0.296861] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci:      MEM 0x0040000000..0x007fffffff -> 0x0040000000
[    0.296961] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci:      MEM 0x0400000000..0x07ffffffff -> 0x0400000000
[    0.299940] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci: ECAM at [mem 0x30000000-0x3fffffff] for [bus 00-ff]
[    0.301083] pci-host-generic 30000000.pci: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[    0.301328] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
[    0.301486] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io  0x0000-0xffff]
[    0.301528] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x40000000-0x7fffffff]
[    0.301568] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x400000000-0x7ffffffff]
[    0.302864] pci 0000:00:00.0: [1b36:0008] type 00 class 0x060000
[    0.377412] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
[    0.389894] 10000000.uart: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x10000000 (irq = 2, base_baud = 230400) is a 16550A
[    0.428017] printk: console [ttyS0] enabled
[    0.430410] [drm] radeon kernel modesetting enabled.
[    0.457312] loop: module loaded
[    0.460726] libphy: Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
[    0.464996] e1000e: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
[    0.465383] e1000e: Copyright(c) 1999 - 2015 Intel Corporation.
[    0.466272] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
[    0.466724] ehci-pci: EHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.467203] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
[    0.467683] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
[    0.468129] ohci-pci: OHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.468593] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver
[    0.469968] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[    0.470477] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[    0.471603] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[    0.475055] goldfish_rtc 101000.rtc: registered as rtc0
[    0.476070] goldfish_rtc 101000.rtc: setting system clock to 2024-02-20T19:37:51 UTC (1708457871)
[    0.478889] syscon-poweroff soc:poweroff: pm_power_off already claimed (____ptrval____) sbi_shutdown
[    0.479494] syscon-poweroff: probe of soc:poweroff failed with error -16
[    0.480977] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[    0.481324] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[    0.483516] NET: Registered protocol family 10
[    0.491589] Segment Routing with IPv6
[    0.492256] sit: IPv6, IPv4 and MPLS over IPv4 tunneling driver
[    0.495528] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[    0.497086] 9pnet: Installing 9P2000 support
[    0.497667] Key type dns_resolver registered
[    0.498706] debug_vm_pgtable: [debug_vm_pgtable         ]: Validating architecture page table helpers
[    0.533266] Freeing unused kernel memory: 220K
[    0.539682] Run /sbin/init as init process

Please press Enter to activate this console.

见到 "Please press Enter to activate this console." 提示后直接回车，无需密码就进入系统了。

执行几个常用命令测试一下，都能正常工作：

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/ # ls
bin      etc      proc     sbin     usr
dev      linuxrc  root     sys
/ # pwd
/
/ # cd bin
/bin #
/ # ls
arch           dumpkmap       kill           netstat        setarch
ash            echo           link           nice           setpriv
base32         ed             linux32        nuke           setserial
base64         egrep          linux64        pidof          sh
busybox        false          ln             ping           sleep
cat            fatattr        login          ping6          stat
chattr         fdflush        ls             pipe_progress  stty
chgrp          fgrep          lsattr         printenv       su
chmod          fsync          lzop           ps             sync
chown          getopt         makemime       pwd            tar
conspy         grep           mkdir          reformime      touch
cp             gunzip         mknod          resume         true
cpio           gzip           mktemp         rev            umount
cttyhack       hostname       more           rm             uname
date           hush           mount          rmdir          usleep
dd             ionice         mountpoint     rpm            vi
df             iostat         mpstat         run-parts      watch
dmesg          ipcalc         mt             scriptreplay   zcat
dnsdomainname  kbd_mode       mv             sed
/bin #

退出 QEMU 的方法是按下 Ctrl + A ，松开后再按下 x 键即可退出 QEMU 。

如果想要往 QEMU 里面传输文件，可以使用挂载的方式，如下所示：

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$ mkdir rootfs
$ sudo mount -o loop rootfs.img rootfs
$ cp [-r] [file] ./rootfs/
$ sudo umount rootfs

# 五、总结

至此，我们已经成功搭建了玄铁 900 系列的工具链环境以及 xuantie-qemu 仿真环境，这为后续的开发、编译、链接以及运行和调试基于玄铁 900 系列芯片的 RISC-V 应用程序奠定了基础。